نقش اسلام در بهبود قوانین ازدواج و حقوق زنان در صدر اسلام

📜 نقش اسلام در بهبود قوانین ازدواج و حقوق زنان در صدر اسلام

 

  American Journal of Comparative Law

 

 

✍🏽   در قوانین قبل از اسلام، هیچ محدودیتی برای  مردان در رابطه با ازدواج یا طلاق وجود نداشت. اگرچه قوانین تازه اسلام بهبودی در قوانین زناشویی به وجود آورد ولی قوانین چند همسری را از بین نبرد یا طلاق را مانند قوانین اولیه مسیحیت ممنوع نساخت. در قوانین قبل از اسلام، زنان تقریبا هیچ گونه حقوقی نداشتند. شریعت برای زنان حقوقی را آورد. بنابراین، ازدواج را از رسمی که توسط قدرت بیشتر و بدون سوال مرد کنترل میشد را به رسمی تبدیل کرد که در آن زن تا حدودی یک شریک زندگی مورد علاقه مند بود. برای مثال، مهریه که قبلا به عنوان قیمت عروس به پدر داده میشد تبدیل به هدیه ای شد که زن به عنوان سرمایه شخصی اش نگه میداشت. همانطور که سِر هنری مِین گفته، شریعت همچنین ذات ازدواج را از یک وضعیت به یک قرارداد تبدیل کرد. پیشنهاد ازدواج از طرف مرد، قبول آن توسط زن، و شرایطی مثل پرداخت مهریه اجزای مهم قرارداد ازدواج هستند. اگرچه پیشنهاد ازدواج به پدرِ زن داده میشه ولی رضایت زن چیز ضروری برای بستن قرارداد ازدواج محسوب میشد. علاوه بر این، پیشنهاد و قبول ازدواج باید در حضور حداقل دو شاهد صورت بگیره تا قرارداد ازدواج اعتبار پیدا میکرد.

 📚 منبع:

  Khadduri, Marriage in Islamic Law: The Modernist Viewpoints, American Journal of Comparative Law, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 213-218

<http://www.jstor.org/stable/839669>

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  Marriage under classical Islamic law has been adequately discussed by a number of writers, but little has been written on the modernist viewpoints. To Westerners-businessmen in particularperhaps a discussion of business law would be more useful than one on marriage law. However, besides the fact that modern business codes in most Islamic lands have been patterned after Western law, a discussion of the law of marriage-indeed, of the entire law of personal status-is more useful for giving non-Muslims a deeper understanding of Muslim society. To students of comparative law, family law should be of even greater interest, because the family has been central to the development of the law in Islamic lands. A study of Islamic family law illustrates the development of the legal system in early Islam and illustrates the complexity of social problems in modern Islamic nations.

Under pre-Islamic law, there were no limitations on men’s rights to marry or obtain a divorce. Although the new law under Islam-the

Shari’a-reformed marital practices, it did not abolish polygamy or prohibit divorce as did the canon law in early Christian society.

Under the pre-Islamic law of status, the patria potestas, women had virtually no rights. The Shari ‹a accorded women a number of

rights, and thus changed marriage from an institution characterized by unquestioned male superiority to one in which the woman was somewhat of an interested partner. For example, the dowry, previously regarded as a bride-price paid to the father, became a nuptial gift

retained by the wife as part of her personal property.

The Shari’a also changed the nature of marriage from «status» to «contract,» in the words of Sir Henry Maine. An offer of marriage by the man, an acceptance by the woman, and the performance of such conditions as the payment of dowry are all essential elements of the marriage contract. Although an offer to marry is actually made through a woman’s father, the woman’s consent is considered imperative if the contract is to be binding. Additionally, the offer and acceptance must be made in the presence of at least two witnesses for the marriage contract to be valid